What term describes unnecessary repetition within processes or communications?

• A. Duplication
• B. Repetition
• C. Redundancy
• D. Circularity

Answer: (C)

Redundancy describes unnecessary repetition within processes or communications because it captures the idea of overlap that adds no new value. In processes, redundant steps duplicate what another step already does, wasting time and resources. In communications, redundancy occurs when information is repeated or conveyed in multiple ways without adding meaning. Duplication is more about making a copy of something, repetition is any act of repeating, and circularity refers to a loop that goes in circles without progress.